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  1. SecondarySometimes feldspathoids or olivine
     The Lava That Shapes the Earth
    The Lava That Shapes the Earth
    Basalt is a dark, dense rock from iron-rich lava that solidifies on Earth's surface, forming mafic igneous landscapes.
    Definition and characteristics

    Basalt is composed mostly of oxides of silicon, iron, magnesium, potassium, aluminum, titanium, and calcium. Geologists classify igneous rock by its mineral content whenever possible; the relative volume percentage… See more

    Petrology

    The mineralogy of basalt is characterized by a preponderance of calcic plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. Olivine can also be a significant constituent. Accessory minerals present in relatively minor amounts include iron oxides and … See more

    Distribution

    Basalt is the most common volcanic rock type on Earth, making up over 90% of all volcanic rock on the planet. The crustal portions of oceanic tectonic plates are composed predominantly of basalt, produced fr… See more

    Alteration of basalt

    Compared to granitic rocks exposed at the Earth's surface, basalt outcrops weather relatively rapidly. This reflects their content of minerals that crystallized at higher temperatures and in an environment poorer in water va… See more

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