Dec 14, 2021 · Also, a ^= b is equivalent to a = a.__ixor__(b) (where __xor__ is used as a fallback when __ixor__ is implicitly called via using ^= but does not exist). In principle, what __xor__ does is completely up to its implementation. Common use cases in Python are: Symmetric Difference of sets (all elements present in exactly one of two sets) Demo:

Jun 17, 2011 · I also do not know what to search for as searching Python docs or Google does not return relevant results when the @ symbol is included. If you want to have a rather complete view of what a particular piece of python syntax does, look …

Jan 30, 2011 · In Python, += is sugar coating for the __iadd__ special method, or __add__ or __radd__ if __iadd__ isn't present. The __iadd__ method of a class can do anything it wants. The list object implements it and uses it to iterate over an iterable object appending each element to itself in the same way that the list's extend method does.

Oct 14, 2010 · A thread on Python-ideas on why to use |= to update a set; A section B.8 of Dive in Python 3 on special methods of Python operators; In-place binary operators fallback to regular methods, see cpython source code (eval.c and abstract.c). Thanks @asottile. A post on how python handles displaying prepended zeros in bitwise computations

Mar 21, 2023 · The code in the question is pseudo-code; there, := represents assignment. For future visitors, though, the following might be more relevant: the next version of Python (3.8) will gain a new operator, :=, allowing assignment expressions (details, motivating examples, and discussion can be found in PEP 572, which was provisionally accepted in late June 2018).

Mar 20, 2013 · Working on a python assignment and was curious as to what [:-1] means in the context of the following code: instructions = f.readline()[:-1] Have searched on here on S.O. and on Google but to no a...

It is the power operator.. From the Python 3 docs: The power operator has the same semantics as the built-in pow() function, when called with two arguments: it yields its left argument raised to the power of its right argument.

Apr 25, 2017 · However, the string formatting behavior is supplemented as of Python 3.1 in favor of the string.format() mechanism: The formatting operations described here exhibit a variety of quirks that lead to a number of common errors (such …

Aug 16, 2013 · Python tries to emulate the English language syntax to make it more human readable, but in this instance the operator precedence is a little confusing. >>> val is not None True In English, we are asking if val does not have a value that is represented by the same object as None. In your above example val=10, so the answer is (correctly) True.

You must run python my_script.py from the directory where the file is located. Alternatively - python path/to/my_script.py. However, you can run python -m my_script (ie refer to the script by module name by omitting the .py) from anywhere, as long as Python can find it! Python searches as follows (not 100% sure about the order): Current directory