1. Sarcasm
In sarcasm, the intended meaning of the speaker is often the opposite of the literal meaning of their words. For instance, if it’s raining hea… See more

1. Grice’s cooperative principle
Coined by H.P. Grice (1975), this principle posits that communication relies on the assumption that all participants are trying to cooperate t… See more

Pragmatics helps people studying linguistics to develop deeper and more effective understandings of communicative acts. It helps us to reach the actual or implied me… See more

Booth, S. (2015). Close reading without readings.New York: Rowman & Littlefield. Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (6th ed.). New York: Black… See more