Off-site systems are widely acknowledged as systems that are only suited to developed and … See more

In response to the conventional conservative design criteria and in an attempt to reduce cost, simplified sewerage has been developed. This results in less excavation … See more

On-site sanitation systems are more widely employed in low income and rural areas of the world. Numerous forms have been developed ranging in both price and complexity… See more

Possible groundwater contamination if the pit is not completely lined Not easy to construct in rocky or unstable ground Fly and smell nuisance Allow range of anal cleansing … See more

Construction costs are low (householders can perform a large part of the work themselves) Technology is simple and understandable Allow the use of a range of anal cleans… See more