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  1. Leaf arrangement

    The basic arrangements of leaves on a stem are opposite and alternate (also known as spiral). Leaves may also be whorled if several leaves arise, or appear to arise, from the same level (at the same node) … See more

    Repeating spiral

    The rotational angle from leaf to leaf in a repeating spiral can be represented by a fraction of a full rotation around the stem.
    Alternate distichous leaves will have an angle of 1/2 of a full rotation. In beech and hazel the … See more

    Determination

    The pattern of leaves on a plant is ultimately controlled by the accumulation of the plant hormone auxin in certain areas of the meristem. Leaves become initiated in localized areas where auxin concentration is higher. … See more

    History

    Some early scientists—notably Leonardo da Vinci—made observations of the spiral arrangements of plants. In 1754, Charles Bonnet observed that the spiral phyllotaxis of plants were frequently expressed in both clockwise and … See more

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