The study adopted a phenomenological research design. Epistemologically, this design is based on a paradigm of personal knowledge and subjectivity, with an emphasis on the importance of personal perspective and conceptualization (Lester, 1999).

Therefore, a phenomenological researcher is inter- standpoint. intersubjectively, and has meaning (Mason, 2002). In this 7XA, United Kingdom. theoretically based approach for researchers. My approach enables application of descriptive phenomenology as a total method for research, and not one just focused on data analysis.

These different strands of phenomenological research cite phenomenological philosophy as one of their main inspirations. Hence, their practical methodology has been inspired by theoretical philosophy. Such interdisciplinary cross-fertilization is often controversial.

Initial theorising, however small, is derived from the qualitative data. The next paragraph contains a few pointers regarding the validity and truthfulness of the study. list a number of means to achieve truth. In this study, the phenomenological research design contributed toward truth.