Dec 26, 2024 · Most of the GCRs detected near Earth have kinetic energies in excess of about 1 GeV per nucleon. The steady flux of these primaries at the top layer of the atmosphere is …

These rays are mostly muons, and their flux and energy are high enough to contribute a significant amount to our average dose of ionizing radiation - about 0.4 mSv (40 mrem). The …

Dec 6, 2019 · Atmospheric interactions of primary cosmic rays produce fluxes of secondary elementary particles which can be detected in the atmosphere (§29.2), at the Earth’s surface …

What is the Origin and Distribution of Galactic Cosmic-Rays? • The Galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission, the dominant feature of the gamma-ray sky, is produced primarily by cosmic ray …

Nov 18, 2005 · The PGH rate consists of greater than 70 MeV/nuc nuclei, primarily protons, and is a good indicator of the level of modulation of galactic cosmic rays. It can also respond to large solar flares. The Voyager 1 heater was turned off in May 2022.

We have investigated the structure of cosmic ray showers with altitude. In order to do this we have measured the omnidirectional cosmic ray count, the vertical coincidence cosmic ray flux, …

As their energies and gyroradii increase, the cosmic rays above a critical energy can escape the magnetic fields in the Galaxy. Our current picture of cosmic rays below the "knee" — acceleration of particles in supernova remnants — can explain the power law spectrum observed in …

Fluxes are often presented as particles per energy per nucleus. But for E<100 GeV the difference is important and it is common to present nucleons per kinetic energy per nucleon. This is the usual way of presenting the spectrum for nuclei with different masses: the conversion in energy per nucleus is not trivial.

Flux Study . Definition of Cosmic ray flux: Φ CR = (events) ⁄ (time)(area) Typical units to measure flux: number(events) ⁄ s·m 2. Since the area of the counter remains constant during an experiment, flux studies ask the question, "How does the rate (events/time) at which cosmic rays pass through a counter depend on a certain variable ...

Nov 25, 2024 · Cosmic-ray electrons are high-energy particles that lose energy rapidly while traveling through the Galaxy, primarily because of interactions with Galactic magnetic fields …

Cosmic ray is the term given to high energy radiation which strikes the Earth from space. Some of them have ultrahigh energies in the range 100 - 1000 TeV. Such extreme energies come from only a few sources like Cygnus X-3. The peak of the energy distribution is at about 0.3 GeV.

Sep 1, 2021 · A cosmic-ray ground model (CGM) that differed from CAM was constructed to investigate the CRN fluxes and spectra near the ground. The flux and spectrum of incident …

Dec 10, 2022 · This graph shows the distribution of cosmic rays detected on ground (per unit of time [s], surface [m $^2$], energy [GeV] and solid angle ["sr", i.e. steradian]), with respect to …

The cosmic ray spectrum clearly shows that the number of cosmic rays (the cosmic ray flux) detected drops off dramatically as we go to higher energies. The spectrum exhibits a ‘knee’ and an ‘ankle’, both of which deviate from the standard exponential decline (blue line).

1 day ago · “The non-observation of cosmogenic neutrinos tells us, under some pretty conservative modeling assumptions, that the cosmic-ray flux is mostly composed of elements …

May 4, 2013 · A plastic scintillator telescope system has been set up to measure the cosmic ray flux. The performance of the telescope system has been studied using the cosmic ray on the …

Aug 11, 2022 · Atmospheric interactions of primary cosmic rays produce fluxes of secondary elementary particles which can be detected in the atmosphere (§30.2), at the Earth’s surface (§30.3), and underground (§30.4). At high energies, air showers of particles generated by a single primary can be detected (§30.5).

Nov 26, 2024 · Plotting events with energies of 300 GeV–40 TeV, the researchers ended up with a relatively smooth curve of cosmic electron and positron flux that falls with increasing energy, …

May 19, 2011 · Here we present new results regarding negatively charged electrons between 1 and 625 GeV performed by the satellite-borne experiment PAMELA. This is the first time that …

neutrino flux for the model that best describes the combined neutrino and cosmic ray data. The right panel is the same but assumes an energy of 1 EeV. The IceCube measured flux is shown …

Feb 1, 2022 · Cosmic rays are charged particles created in exploding stars and active galaxies and travel through interplanetary space at relativistic velocities. The flux is largely unchanged …

Cosmic ray flux interacts with solar radiation primarily by modulating the amount of energy that reaches the Earth's surface. During times of low solar activity, cosmic rays can penetrate more …