frederick ii holy roman emperor personal life - Search
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  1. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
    Frederick II, Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor
    OverviewFamily treePersonal life
    Securing the Imperial Crown

    Otto of Brunswick had been crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Innocent III in October 1209. In southern Italy, Otto became the champion of those noblemen and barons who feared Frederick's increasingl… See more

    Restoring the Kingdom of Sicily

    After his imperial coronation in Rome, Frederick crossed into southern Italy determined to rebuild the authority of the Sicilian crown which had heavily waned over the preceding two decades. Under his grandfather… See more

    Foreign policy and wars

    At the time he was elected King of the Romans, Frederick promised to go on a crusade. He continually delayed, however, and, in spite of his renewal of this vow at his coronation as the King of Germany, he did not trav… See more

    Personality and religion

    Frederick's contemporaries called him stupor mundi, the "astonishment" or the "wonder of the world", and immutator mirabilis or the "marvellous transformer [of the world]" for his charismatic personality and his poli… See more

    Literature and science

    Frederick had a great thirst for knowledge and learning. Frederick employed Jews from Sicily, who had migrated there from the holy land, at his court to translate Greek and Arabic works. He also introduced paper into a Euro… See more

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