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  1. Most of the world’s 200 states have multicultural populations, so there are many examples of ethno-cultural devolution. In Spain, in 1979, Basque and Catalonia signed autonomy agreements where they have their own parliaments, their languages have official status, and they have control over education and taxation.

    Devolution: AP® Human Geography Cra…

    www.albert.io/blog/devolution-ap-human-geograph…
    Economic and cultural devolutionary forces are present in Catalonia, but purely economic forces are at work in Italy and France (which is often cited as the model nation-state). In this case the problem is the island of Corsica where the activists want power and money.

    Chapter 17 - The Changing Global Politi…

    course-notes.org/human_geography/outlines/huma…
     
  2. People also ask
    What happened in Catalonia after national devolution?
    After dragging its heels on national devolution — sparking mass protests in Catalonia — seventeen Spanish “communities” (regions) were constructed and given equal rights to “autonomy.” Minority nationhood was denied and statehood preventable by force, which has been enforced since 2017.

    In Catalonia, Class Struggle and National Dispute Have Gone ... - Jacobin

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    What happened to Catalonia's independence movement?
    Catalonia's independence movement is back in the headlines after Spain's Supreme Court jailed nine separatist leaders, prompting days of protests. The crisis first flared in October 2017, when a banned independence referendum was met with a heavy police crackdown. Madrid imposed direct rule on the region shortly after.

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    Why did Catalonia seek independence?
    The ill-conceived basis for Catalan independence and the misguided reaction of the Spanish political system The movement demanding independence for Catalonia developed on the basis of three fundamental assertions. The first was that the claim for independence was a purely democratic issue.

    The quest for independence in Catalonia: Between the rule of law and

    centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk
    Why did Catalonia secede from Spain?
    The independence movement in the Spanish region of Catalonia provoked a dramatic constitutional crisis in Spain and changed Spain's political scene... In October 2017 Catalonia voted, in a referendum whose legitimacy was disputed, to secede from Spain. Later that month the region’s president unilaterally declared independence.

    Catalan independence - House of Commons Library

    commonslibrary.parliament.uk
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  3. realinstitutoelcano.org
    https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/work...

    Catalonia’s independence bid: how did we get here?

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    (PDF) The Catalan struggle for independence and the role …
    researchgate.net
    (PDF) The Movement for Catalan Independence - …
    researchgate.net
    Key dates in Catalonia's independence bid and …
    reuters.com
    Explained: Catalonia's independence bid – DW – 09/21/2017
    dw.com
    Catalonia's bid for independence from Spain: A timeline …
    nbcnews.com
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  4. BBC
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29…

    Catalonia's bid for independence from Spain …

    WEBOct 18, 2019 · Catalonia is one of Spain's wealthiest and most productive regions and has a distinct history dating back almost 1,000 years. Before the Spanish Civil War it enjoyed broad autonomy but that was...

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    News, sport and opinion from the Guardian's US edition | The …
    theguardian.com
    Why Is Catalonia Seeking Independence From Spain? | TIME
    time.com
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  6. byarcadia.org
    https://www.byarcadia.org/post/struggles-and...

    Struggles and Triumphs: Catalonia's Quest for Independence

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    Catalonia, Spain’s Biggest Problem | History Today
    historytoday.com
    The push for independence in Catalonia | Nature Human …
    nature.com
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  7. realinstitutoelcano.org
    https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/work...

    The independence conflict in Catalonia - Elcano Royal …

    WEBOct 9, 2019 · This special dossier aims to provide an overview and background information on Catalonia’s independence bid, the attempts to ‘internationalise the conflict’ and its European dimension, and the …

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    Catalan Independence
    Catalonia Independence 2017
  8. LSE Research Online
    https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/107877/1/dit_com_2020_05...
    [PDF]

    The case of Catalonia: understanding the political …

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    Catalonia
    Referendum
  9. The House of Commons Library
    https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8976

    Catalan independence - House of Commons Library

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    Catalan Independence
    Spain and Catalonia Devolution
  10. foreignpolicy.com
    https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/05/20/catalonia...

    What Happened to Catalonia's Independence …

    WEBMay 20, 2023 · Tensions with Madrid worsened after Aragon was united with Castile in 1479, culminating in Catalonia’s 1714 defeat in the War of the Spanish Succession, which ended its political independence.

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    • devolutionary forces

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  11. Springer Link
    https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/9781137016744_8.pdf
    [PDF]

    From Devolution to Secession: The Case of Catalonia

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    Montserrat Guibernau
    Publish Year:2012
    Devolution To Secession
  12. Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Works and Collections
    https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/1…

    The Rise of Catalan Independence | Spain’s Territorial …

    WEBMar 6, 2018 · As recently as the mid-2000s, Catalonia was described and analysed by scholars as exhibiting a non-secessionist nationalism and was seen within Europe and beyond as a role model for successful …

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    Catalan Independence
    Andrew Dowling
    Publish Year:2017
  13. ft.com
    https://www.ft.com/content/3ec93f84-a2a1-11e9-974c-ad1c6ab5efd1

    Why Basques and Catalans see independence differently - Financial Times

  14. Springer Link
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137016744_8

    From Devolution to Secession: The Case of Catalonia

    Tags:
    Catalan Independence
    Devolution To Secession
    Montserrat Guibernau
  15. centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk
    https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/...

    The quest for independence in Catalonia: Between the rule of law …

  16. harvardpolitics.com
    https://harvardpolitics.com/fighting-for-catalonias-future

    Fighting for Catalonia’s Future - Harvard Political Review

  17. National Geographic
    https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/...

    Catalonia—facts and information - National Geographic

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    Catalan Independence
    Catalonia History
    Catalonia Spain Culture
  18. Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement

    Catalan independence movement - Wikipedia

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    Catalan Independence
    Constitutional Court of Spain
    Estat Català
  19. historynewsnetwork.org
    https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/167353

    The Catalonian Fight for Independence Has Medieval Roots

  20. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/21/...

    News, sport and opinion from the Guardian's US edition | The …

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    Spain and Catalonia Devolution
    Catalonian Devolution Outcome
  21. nytimes.com
    https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/19/world/europe/...

    Spain Hoped Catalonia’s Separatists Would Fade. They’re …

  22. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/1090557.html

    Spain: Devolution Provides Lessons For Other Countries

    Tags:
    Spain and Catalonia Devolution
    Basque Country
    Devolution in Spain and Nigeria
  23. jacobin.com
    https://jacobin.com/2023/02/catalonia-independence...

    In Catalonia, Class Struggle and National Dispute Have Gone

    Tags:
    Catalonia
    Devolution
  24. JSTOR
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/27001000
    [PDF]

    Why Public Finance Matters: Evolution of Independence …

    Tags:
    Catalan Independence
    Basque Country
  25. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-spain-politics...

    Factbox - How Catalan autonomy stacks up against other regions

    Tags:
    Catalonia
    Referendum
  26. economist.com
    https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/11/05/...

    Galicia shows how devolution can work - The Economist

  27. foreignaffairs.com
    https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/spain/1937...

    Revolutionary Forces in Catalonia | Foreign Affairs

    Tags:
    Lawrence A. Fernsworth
    Publish Year:1937
  28. quizlet.com
    https://quizlet.com/651743814/countries-and-their...

    Countries and their devolutionary forces Flashcards | Quizlet

  29. Course Sidekick
    https://www.coursesidekick.com/geography/1916905

    Analyzing Devolution in Spain: Catalonia, Basque Country, and

    Tags:
    Spain and Catalonia Devolution
    Basque Country
  30. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/australia-raises-terror-threat-level...

    Australia raises terror threat level to 'probable' from 'possible'

  31. MSN
    https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/eastern...

    Eastern Powerhouse: Renewing the call for devolution in the East …

  32. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/catalan...

    Catalan separatists back government deal with socialists

  33. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian...

    Ukraine says it sank Russian submarine, hit airfield, oil depots

  34. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/zelenskiy...

    Zelenskiy says Ukraine deployed more drones than Russia in July