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    • Inflammatory bowel disease cannot be attributed to a single cause. However, genetic factors and the immune system are associated with this disease.
    • Following are some associated risk factors:
    • Family history
    • Autoimmunity where the immune system attacks the body’s own cells
    • Environmental factors such as cigarette smoke or pollution
    • Age: Affects all age groups, but generally starts before the age of 35 years
    • Geographical area: People in urban areas are more at risk
    • Stress
    • Certain medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

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    Complications

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    If untreated for a prolonged period it may lead to

    • Bowel narrowing and obstruction
    • Rupturing or formations of holes in the intestine
    • Canker sores in mouth because of Crohn’s disease
    • Ulcers, fissures, and fistulas around genital areas and anus
    • Eye inflammation
    • Skin disorders
    • Arthritis or inflammation of joints
    • Malnutrition
    • Colon cancer
    • Shock, in severe cases of blood loss and diarrhea

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    Symptoms

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    Seek immediate medical attention if you experience symptoms.

    Symptoms may vary from mild to severe and include:

    • Diarrhea
    • Fever
    • Fatigue
    • Blood in stool
    • Bleeding ulcers
    • Stomach pain
    • Bloating and cramping
    • Reduced appetite
    • Unintended weight loss
    • Anemia
    • Flatulence

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    Diagnosis

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    One or more of these tests may be recommended by your medical provider.
    The diagnosis involves examining the family and personal history, performing a physical exam and running lab tests.

    Common tests & procedures

    Blood test: Blood tests alone cannot be used to diagnose IBD. They are performed to detect anemia or infection and gain additional insights.

    Video capsule endoscopy: This test can detect the early stages of the condition.

    X-ray: Done in emergency situations where intestine rupture is suspected.

    Barium enema: To distinctly visualize the colon and small intestine.

    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Done for evaluating a fistula around the anal area.

    CT scan: Provide more details and any other underlying causes, like abscess.

    Colonoscopy: Provides a detailed view of the inside of intestine.

    Sigmoidoscopy: Examines only the last part of the large intestine - the sigmoid colon.

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    Treatment

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    Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease focuses on reducing inflammation that causes the symptoms which can eventually lead to complications. The treatment involves administering medication or performing surgery.

    Medication

    Anti-inflammatory drugs: To reduce inflammation of the digestive tract.

    Sulfasalazine . Corticosteroids

    Immune suppressants: To prevent the immune system from attacking own cells.

    Azathioprine

    Antibiotics: To cure bacterial infections.

    Ciprofloxacin . Metronidazole

    Anti-diarrheal agents: To prevent diarrhea.

    Loperamide . Diphenoxylate . Cholestyramine

    Analgesics: Pain relieving medications.

    Acetaminophen

    Supplements: Vitamin and mineral supplements.

    Vitamin D . Calcium

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  1. Common IBD triggers include: Antibiotics. NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Smoking cigarettes. Stress. Researchers are also investigating if issues with your gut microbiome may play a part in the chronic inflammation that causes IBD.
    my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15587-infla…
    IBD occurs due to an overactive immune system, which leads to inflammation throughout the gut and gastrointestinal tract. IBS usually develops due to digestive problems or an oversensitive gut. Treating IBD involves medications that reduce inflammation. People with IBS can reduce their symptoms by making changes to their diet or lifestyle.
    www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316395

    What Causes IBD

    • Immune system dysfunction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a group of lifelong diseases affecting your intestines. The cause of IBD is unclear, but it creates problems with immune function. ...
    www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/causes/i…
    IBD is a disease with an unknown cause. Some agent or a combination of agents -- bacteria, viruses, antigens -- triggers the body's immune system to produce an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal tract. Recent studies show some combination of hereditary, genetic, and/or environmental factors may cause the development of IBD.
    www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/inflammator…
    Despite numerous studies, the actual cause of the inflammatory bowel diseases remains elusive. It is likely, however, that these chronically recurring episodes of inflammation in the human bowel are related to a complex interaction between various environmental factors and a hereditary predisposition for these diseases.
    www.med.unc.edu/medicine/gi/ibd/what-causes-infl…
     
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