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  1. Newsweek
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    Why It Took 248 Years for the Bald Eagle to Become America's …

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    How Did the Bald Eagle Become America’s National …

    Learn how the bald eagle was chosen as the national symbol of the United States in 1782, and how it faced extinction and recovery in the 20th century. The web page also explains the role of the Founding Fathers and the Bald Eagle Protection Act in the eagle's history.

    History

    The predatory bird was introduced in early designs for a national seal (despite Ben Franklin's misgivings).

    The bald eagle’s role as a national symbol is linked to its 1782 landing on the Great Seal of the United States. Shortly after the Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams the job of designing an official seal for the new nation. However, the three Founding Fathers failed to come up with a design that won Congress’ approval, as did two later committees that were given the task. 

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    Thomson also recommended that the small, white eagle used in Barton’s design be replaced with an American bald eagle, and Congress adopted this design on June 20, 1782. (Contrary to legend, there’s no evidence Ben Franklin protested to Congress about the choice of the bald eagle and lobbied for the turkey, although in a 1784 letter to his daughter he did label the bald eagle “a bird of bad moral character.”) 

    As the design went on to appear on official documents, currency, flags, public buildings and other government-related items, the bald eagle became an American icon.

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    Despite its symbolic significance, America’s majestic national bird has faced a real-life threat of extinction. In the late-1800s, the country was home to 100,000 nesting bald eagles, but the number of birds soon dwindled due to such factors as habitat destruction and hunting. 

    In 1940, Congress passed the Bald Eagle Protection Act, making it illegal to possess, kill or sell the birds. A new new threat arose when they began eating prey contaminated with DDT, a pesticide that came into wide use following World War II. In the 1960s, there were only around 400 breeding pairs left in the continental U.S., and in 1978 the bald eagle was put on the endangered species list. 

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